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L’état de la Méditerranée inquiète de plus en plus les scientifiques et les habitants du littoral. Invasion de plastique et aménagements inadaptés font d’elle l’une des mers « les plus polluées du monde » selon l’Ifremer. Irréparable ?
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« Cela fait six ans que je plonge, et j’ai vu la faune et la flore disparaître à vitesse grand V ! » Michel Nox, plongeur et fondateur de la chaîne YouTube Nox Diving s’alarme de l’état de la Méditerranée, son principal « terrain de jeu ». Pour cause, chaque été, près de 7 615 tonnes de macrodéchets échouent sur le littoral de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur.
En plus d’être l’une des régions les plus peuplées du globe avec une population de près de 500 millions de personnes, le bassin méditerranéen se hisse à la première place des régions touristiques du monde avec plusieurs centaines de millions de visiteurs chaque année.
Sur la base d’études de suivi menés depuis 1994 par l’Ifremer (Institut Français de recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer) la Méditerranée affiche le taux de pollution le plus important d’Europe, avec notamment 700 tonnes de déchets déversés en mer chaque jour.
« La Méditerranée à la particularité d‘être un bassin semi-fermé. Il n’y a pas d’échange, les polluants qui arrivent dans cette mer y restent », déplore François Galgani, océanographe et chercheur d’Ifremer sur le site de Bastia.
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Des dégats irréversibles
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« Du canal de Gibraltar au canal de Suez, 25% du trafic mondial maritime traverse la région, précise-t ’il, si on y ajoute des infrastructures de traitement de la pollution défaillantes, présentes autour du bassin, cela fait qu’on reçoit régulièrement des polluants plastiques, chimiques et des hydrocarbures qui ne partent pas, qui s’accumulent, faisant de cette région l’une des plus affectées par la pollution marine dans le monde ».
D’après les données récoltées par l’Ifremer au cours des trente dernières années, le taux de pollution issue de produits chimiques est en nette diminution mais la pollution issue de micro et macro plastiques ne cesse d’augmenter avec, notamment, un total de 250 milliards de microplastiques.
Selon François Galgani, cette dernière échappe à tout contrôle : « Si on veut ralentir cette augmentation, le comportement des gens doit changer maintenant. Personnes n’est responsable individuellement mais tout le monde a une part de responsabilité, une part de solution en lui ».
L’une des conséquences directes de ces déchets flottants est l’enchevêtrement et l’ingestion menant à la mort de près de 14 000 mammifères et de 1.4 millions d’oiseaux marins.
« On a passé le cap du non-retour, les dégâts que l’on a causés sont irréversibles, déplore le plongeur Michel Nox, l’Homme n’a toujours pas compris qu’il est en train de scier la branche sur laquelle il est assis ».
Illona Bellier et Lorine Sarkissian
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